Context • Drum circles have been part of healing rituals in many cultures throughout the world since antiquity. Although drum circles
are gaining increased interest as a complementary therapeutic strategy in the traditional medical arena, limited scientific data documenting
biological benefits associated with percussion activities exist.

Objective • To determine the role of group-drumming music therapy as a composite activity with potential for alteration of stress-related
hormones and enhancement of specific immunologic measures associated with natural killer cell activity and cell-mediated immunity.

Design • A single trial experimental intervention with control groups.

Setting • The Mind-Body Wellness Center, an outpatient medical facility in Meadville, Pa.

Participants • A total of 111 age- and sex-matched volunteer subjects (55 men and 56 women, with a mean age of 30.4 years) were recruited.

Intervention • Six preliminary supervised groups were studied using various control and experimental paradigms designed to separate
drumming components for the ultimate determination of a single experimental model, including 2 control groups (resting and listening) as well
as 4 group-drumming experimental models (basic, impact, shamanic, and composite). The composite drumming group using a music therapy
protocol was selected based on preliminary statistical analysis, which demonstrated immune modulation in a direction opposite to that
expected with the classical stress response. The final experimental design included the original composite drumming group plus 50 additional
age- and sex-matched volunteer subjects who were randomly assigned to participate in group drumming or control sessions.

Main Outcome Measures • Pre- and postintervention measurements of plasma cortisol, plasma dehydroepiandrosterone, plasma
dehydroepiandrosterone-to-cortisol ratio, natural killer cell activity, lymphokine-activated killer cell activity, plasma interleukin-2, plasma
interferon-gamma, the Beck Anxiety Inventory, and the Beck Depression Inventory II.

Results • Group drumming resulted in increased dehydroepiandrosterone- to-cortisol ratios, increased natural killer cell activity, and
increased lymphokine-activated killer cell activity without alteration in plasma interleukin 2 or interferon-gamma, or in the Beck Anxiety
Inventory and the Beck Depression Inventory II.

Conclusions • Drumming is a complex composite intervention with the potential to modulate specific neuroendocrine and neuroimmune
parameters in a direction opposite to that expected with the with the classic stress response.

Altern Ther Health Med. 2001;7(1):38-47